Category: ZT Logbook

This morning we started the first of two new initiatives for the 2012 field season. The first is an electrical resistivity survey in the western lower town. Back in 2002, we conducted a magnetic gradiometry survey in this area, measuring small fluctuations in the earth’s magnetic field caused by subsurface architecture. In the western lower town, I was able to map what looked to be a large nearly square compound, possibly with open courtyards surrounded by single rows of mudbrick rooms. The building seemed to be set against the city’s fortification wall at point where the wall zig-zagged as it turned from the southern edge to the western edge of the site.

We’ve speculated for years that this might be the location of an Assyrian military emplacement, or “fort” as they are sometimes called, paralled in other Assyrian cities. This year, we are conducting a new, more detailed, geophysical survey with two goals in mind. First, we want to see if we can confirm and add details to our geophysical map of the area. Second, we hope to identify a promising area for excavation in our final digging season at Ziyaret Tepe in 2013.

The survey data are being collected by a University of Akron anthropology major, Jordan Bell, who recently completed my Archaeogeophysical Survey course at the University of Akron, and Charlie Draper, a recent Cambridge University graduate. Charlie will be starting his M.Phil at Oxford University in the fall with a prestigious Ertegun Scholarship for the Humanities. This is the inaugural year for the Ertegun Scholarships, so it is quite an achievement for Charlie to win this competitive award.

The electrical resistivity survey, as you might recall from last year’s blog, creates a subsurface electrical field and measures the amount of resistance to the passage of an electrical current at points along a grid. In our case, mudbrick walls tend to retain moisture better than the surrounding soil, so they appear as linear low-resistance features. Our biggest challenge is in overcoming the problem that the topsoil has no moisture so we have to add water in order to overcome the problem of contact resistance. This means each probe hole must be predrilled, filled with water, and allowed to soak for a few minutes before we can use the mobile resistance meter shown in the picture. This process adds greatly to the efforts required to collect good data.

I’ll post the results as they are ready.

The second new initiative is the excavation of a possible Late Assyrian burial in Operation W. Excavation on this grave starts tomorrow morning. I’ll fill you in on the details in a subsequent post.

Early each morning in Operation M, where we are looking for Assyrian domestic residences, Kemalettin’s workmen collect straw from the surrounding fields and start fires like the one below. As you know, the Turkish summer is hot so the fires are not for heat, but rather for making smoke. One of the biggest changes to the region that I’ve experienced over the past 15 years has been a dramatic rise in the mosquito population due to the arrival of irrigated cotton fields. Just before daybreak, the workers in the lower town face hordes of mosquitoes which quickly disappear after the sun is up (along with the bats that feed on them). It is pretty unpleasant for about an hour and the smoke from the fires helps keep the mosquitoes away, and makes for some dramatic photo opportunities.

Kemalettin also took this photograph of his team working early one morning. Unlike the Hollywood portrayals of Near Eastern excavations, archaeological digging is a slow, methodical task. The row of workers in Operation M are using small picks and trowels to flatten an area of soil so Kemalettin and his assistants can look for the subtle traces that mark ancient pits, floors, and mudbrick walls. Every surface in the trench has to be kept very clean. We’ve found that having the workers dig in a line avoids the problem of them digging too deeply in one place. If you look about halfway up the citadel mound in the background, you can just make out the pall of smoke that is hanging in the air from the worker’s fire.

Work in Operation M is proceeding very nicely. We are about 40cm (16 inches) down across an area of 10m by 5m (30 feet by 15 feet) and, according to our previous excavations nearby, we expect to hit the tops of the Assyrian walls in the next 10 or 15cm (4 to 6 inches), so Kemalettin is proceeding cautiously. The mudbrick walls are difficult to see and easy to dig through, so it takes experience, as well as a clean excavation area, to successfully find the ancient architecture.

By the early part of next week, we should be digging in the Assyrian levels in Operation M!

The first week of an excavation is usually the slowest one in terms of finds. Laying out excavations squares, clearing off the topsoil, and training the workmen how to dig carefully and methodically consumes a large amount of our time in these early days.

We have already found a few interesting artifacts in the northern sector of the Bronze Palace, although their contexts (that is, where they came from) were badly disturbed. To start, Dirk found two bronze fibulae. These are pins used to fasten cloaks or other garments that are of particular interest to us because we can date them stylistically. Like many objects that people use on a daily basis, certain shapes and decorative styles came in and out of fashion on a regular basis. Over the years, we have studied fibulae and can roughly tell in which century they were made based on the details of their design. Of course, when a bronze fibula comes out of the ground, the details are obscured by corrosion, dirt, and breakage. After conservation, the fibulae should provide us with some useful information. Dirk also found a bronze coin, shown here as it came out of the ground. After Lourdes is done with cleaning and conservation, we hope to be able to make an identification. I’ll upload a post-cleaning photograph in a few days. A carved ring, perhaps made out of ivory, decorated with a circular motif was discovered this morning from near the surface in the Bronze Palace.

Down in the lower town, in Operation V, where we hoped to find the barracks, John’s team immediately came across a pebble mosaic floor in the corner of the building on the second day of digging. This is both good and bad news. Good because it confirms the plan discovered via electrical resistivity shown in an earlier post. Bad because the floor is so close to the surface that it is unlikely that many of the contents of the room will have survived intact. We can always hope, but as you can see in the photo below, the mosaic floor shown as it was emerging from the earth is quite close to the modern surface. We should, however, be able to map a large area of the building and perhaps improve significantly on the geophysical plan from 2004.

I just wanted to post a quick photograph of the schoolhouse that is serving as the headquarters for the team this year. As you can see, it is an enormous structure. We are using just a fraction of the total space. It is a relatively new building and in good repair. The bright red color makes it a distinctive landmark along the road from Tepe to Bismil.

Two pieces of good news. After two solid days of very complicated negotiations with a variety of local authorities ranging from the town mayor of Tepe to the local school masters and the kaymakam of Bismil, we finally managed to secure accomodations for the season. Our first choice, our old dighouse of ten years standing, was not an option as it was already rented. Our second and third choices, two schoolhouses in the village of Tepe next to the ancient site, were also not available for various reasons that emerged over long discussions. We also looked at a few large private houses in Tepe but in the end none were suitable: either in size or by the fact that they were still under construction! In the end, the Museum helped us gain access to a somewhat new schoolhouse on the near edge of the closest large town to Tepe, a place called Bismil, population 56000. The town has grown remarkably over the past decade and a half and, in fact, the location where we are calling home now was an independent village called Kooperatif just a few years ago but is now a suburb. We are about 15km from Tepe, adding significant time to our commute to the site, but this was clearly the best option available.

The dighouse is a residential school so it is set up to handle a few hundred students and their needs. We have no shortage of bathrooms, bunk beds, or space for laboratories. As the pictures will show, the building is in excellent repair and boasts some important features, like a steady electrical supply, plenty of water, and an internet connection. For those of you who followed last year’s blog, these were occassional sources of inconvenience for us during the 2011 campaign. (I’ll post the pictures separately as they are taking a long time to upload.) Of course, we miss our small village setting and the chance to wander into the village after dinner to visit the internet cafe, or drink tea with our workmen. Sitting out on the veranda in the evening in Bismil we can hear the traffic from the nearby highway and there’s not much charm to the place. Still, it is a good functional workspace and everyone is eager to get started.

We moved in on Tuesday night with nothing but our suitcases. On Wednesday, we rented a large truck (kamyon) about half the size of a semi in the US, and filled it twice bringing all of the equipment to Bismil. All of Wednesday and most of Thursday were dedicated to cleaning, repairing, setting up workstations, the library, putting up shelves, inventorying equipment, and making lists for shopping. This place was a hive of activity and the newcomers got a good introduction to all that is involved in setting up an expedition camp. Today (Friday), we went to Diyarbakir and picked up our government representative (temsilci), Murat bey, from the Diyarbakir Museum, who will serve as our official connection to Ankara and the Ministry of Culture. We also gave a list of our workmen to our accountant so that he could complete the necessary paperwork so we can start digging tomorrow. Another round of shopping and it was home to a cold beer, dinner, and an early bedtime. Tomorrow the real work begins when we meet the workmen at 4:30am to start clearing away the debris that has accumulated in our excavation areas since last September and to lay out the new excavation units.

In the first post of the 2012 season, I mentioned that we hope to be excavating a pair of large buildings that we first discovered using geophysical survey methods a number of seasons ago. I wanted to show you what the map of the buildings looks like so you get some idea of what kind of data drive our decision to dig in a given place.

This photograph shows the ground at the place where we expect to find the building. As you can see, it is basically flat and featureless farmland. Although there are copious broken potsherds and the occassional broken stone artifact on the surface that have survived three thousand years of weathering and plowing, there are no features that would give us a clue as to the buildings below ground.

Circled on this map is the same area viewed via shallow subsurface geophysical surveying. The specific technique we used was electrical resistivity survey. Using a handheld mobile frame and set of electrical probes inserted into the ground, we created a subsurface electrical field and measured the resistance of the earth immediately below ground to the passage of an electrical current. In this map, the white lines represent areas of low resistance caused by the retention of moisture in the mudbricks that were used to make the large walls of the Late Assyrian buildings.

The general orientation and shape of the buildings is very clear, but the electrical resistivity survey does not tell us the date or function of this architecture. The surface pottery is all Late Assyrian and our experience with digging in other areas strongly argues that these buildings date from the 9th to the 7th centuries BC. Based on analogies from other Assyrian sites and the location of the architecture relative to the city fortifications and gate, we have hypothesized that these may be storage rooms, often called “magazines” in the professional literature, or possibly barracks associated with the Assyrian army, which we know came periodically to ancient Tushhan (the Assyrian name of Ziyaret Tepe) while conducting campaigns north of the Tigris River.

It looks like we will be starting work here in just a few days.

Getting twenty-five team members from eight countries to arrive in the same place at the same time with all the equipment and supplies needed for a large expedition takes a lot of planning. After months of bureaucratic paperwork, buying tickets, arranging itineraries, and making contingency plans, the first of our team has arrived in the southeast. It was an absolute blistering day when Valentina arrived in Batman from Milan; the local temperature was reported at 54 degrees Celsius (= 129 degrees Fahrenheit) which is hot, even by our standards! By the time that Jordan, Azer, and I got to the Batman airport, the sun was down and the heat of the day dispersing.

There were the usual hiccups in our travel this year. Our local airport in Diyarbakir is closed for three months due to renovation, requiring us to reroute everyone through the much smaller Batman airport nearly 100km east of Diyarbakir by road. My luggage, including all of our geophysical survey equipment, didn’t arrive in the Istanbul airport from New York, having been sent to Rome instead. Thankfully, the airline was able to recover the bags and deliver them to me during a long 9 hour layover in Istanbul and, despite considerable shuffling of contents during multiple inspections, everything seems to be in place. Of course, all the contents of the checked bags are carefully inventoried beforehand so I can ensure that nothing has gone missing during transport. Archaeology is the art of making lists!

The big challenge this year in setting up our camp is that our traditional dig house, which I described last year in an earlier post, has been rented to another group. The place where we’ve stayed since 2002 is a government-owned compound and the new director rented the dig house to a group of workers from DSI, the organization building the Ilisu Dam that will flood the site. So, we are looking for a new home for the year. After 10 years of comfortable living in a well known location, this will be a season of change.

As you can imagine, it is not easy to find a compound with living and working facilities for 25 people in the small village of Tepe. At the moment, we are coordinating with the Diyarbakir Museum director, Nevin Soyukaya, and local officials to secure access to a large school building in Tepe which is currently vacant since school is out for the summer. Our driver and cook, Mehmet and Necmi, have been scouring the village of Tepe and nearby villages for other possible working places, but we are short on good options right now.

So, as the team assembles over the next few days, our top priority is to find a dighouse, fix it up, move in our belongings from the depot, and get the camp in working order. Normally we can do this in just one day… but this so far this does not appear to be a normal season. Part of the challenge, and I suppose one might even say the fun, of field archaeology is conquering the unexpected, whether it is an unexpected ancient find, or the need to change logistical gears suddenly. Keep your fingers crossed that the school house is suitable and available for our team this year. We hope to be digging by Saturday.

It’s hard to believe that it has been almost 10 months since that last post from poolside at the hotel in Diyarbakir. Everyone made it home safely back last September, if tired and a bit dusty. A few days after arriving back in Akron, my classes started and I began putting together the first of the paperwork for the 2013 season. It is a long process obtaining an excavation permit and funding, but we have assembled an excellent team again this year and an ambitious plan. Like I did in last year’s blog, I will introduce you our team members over the course of the season, catching them “in action” at the site.

The good news is that our permit has been approved by the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism for our 16th season at Ziyaret Tepe! We are told that the Ilisu Dam salvage project is nearing an end and that once the lake is filled, there will be no more excavation permits so we have to make every season count.

For those of you who are new to this blog, there is background on the site in my earlier posts. Last year, we worked in three areas. On the high mound, Dirk Wicke continued his long-term excavation of an Assyrian palace, which we call the Bronze Palace, and one of the more important discoveries he made last season was a series of layers which possibly date to the very founding of the palace in the 9th century BC. We thought that the Bronze Palace should have been in use for over two centuries, but last year was the first time we were able to find hard evidence to demonstrate that the deeply buried foundations of the original building may, in fact, still exist in places. Dirk will be continuing his excavations on the high mound to explore these levels, and to answer some outstanding questions which I’ll post about later.

Two of our excavations last year in the lower town, Operations T and U headed by Kemalettin Koroglu and John MacGinnis, were in the southeastern part of the city. In Operation T, we were looking for private houses dating to the Assyrian period. In Operation U, we were expecting to find the remains of a large mudbrick structure which we had seen in earlier geophysical maps and which appeared to be a large building, perhaps an elite residence. As readers from last season know, we encountered a thick layer of Roman remains in both operations and only reached the lower, earlier Assyrian layers in Operation U. While the Roman occupation will make an interesting addition to our final reports, and is significant for our reconstruction of later periods in the region, they are not our primary research interest. As such, we are moving west of our 2012 excavation areas in the lower town.

One particularly interesting target are two rectangular buildings, probably made of mudbrick, each measuring about 18m by 7m (54 feet by 21 feet) in size placed side by side on the edge of large courtyard in the southern lower town. We have known about these buildings for many years, having discovered them by magnetic gradiometry survey, but we have never excavated them. John thinks they may be storerooms or possibly barracks associated with the Assyrian military. We plan to place at least one 10m by 10m excavation trench in these buildings to confirm that they are Assyrian and to see if we can determine their function. Geophysical survey gives us good groundplan in this case, but no indication of date or what materials are located in the building. This is a process we call “ground-truthing” to check the veracity of our geophysical maps. All of this assumes that the fields are not planted in irrigated cotton, and that we can secure permission from the local landowner’s to dig there. So stay tuned, this looks like an interesting spot to dig, so fingers are crossed we can access the area.

My flight leaves tomorrow in the early afternoon. I’m travelling with a UAkron undergraduate student, Jordan Bell, to whom I will introduce you very soon. There will be short delay in posts while we unpack, get camp set up, arrange for an internet connection, and the other thousand tasks that are necessary to prepare a workspace for 25 archaeologists for a month and a half. Check back in with us soon – we hope to be digging before too long.

Kemalettin has closed down Operation T for the season. It was a very interesting excavation area although, contrary to our expectations, we did not find the Assyrian street system and private houses we were seeking. Rather, Kemalettin was able to document two layers of what we believe are Late Roman houses with stone foundations. The upper parts of the walls, which were not preserved, were almost certainly made of mudbrick.

There were quite a few items found on the floors, including an interesting collection of ceramics that will form an important part of our publication of the 2012 season. We also found a set of iron keys and other metal objects that await conservation and further study.

This bowl, from the floor of the northern room of the Operation T house, was found with a layer of burnt (carbonized) seeds burnt at the bottom — perhaps the remains of someone’s meal. We have requested permission to export the seeds so that we can run radiocarbon dates on them and determine at least a rough range of dates for the final use of the building. Other pottery was more damaged and will have to await Hayley’s arrival next year before we can restore and record the rest of this in situ Roman pottery collection.

We also had a surprising number of coins this year. Here are photographs of three more coins, all copper/bronze and very well preserved. The coins will be sent to the Diyarbakir Museum for additional study and eventual display. The center coin, we think, is from the time of Flavius Arcadium Augustus, when he was Emperor of the East, c. AD 395-401. The reverse of the coin, seen here, shows the emperor standing holding a scepter and shield with victory standing to his left crowning him and holding a palm branch. The coin on the right is possibly Constantine II from the mid-4th century AD.

We already knew that the Romans were active in this region in the 4th century AD, when the famous black basalt city walls of Diyarbakir were strengthened, so it is hardly surprising to find occupation of the Late Roman period at Ziyaret Tepe. There are also a number of sites documented from that era in the Upper Tigris River valley. What surprised us was that the Ziyaret Tepe houses were not clear on the geophysical maps we made in previous seasons, nor was there a great abundance of Roman pottery on the surface. I guess that is what makes field archaeology so enjoyable — surprises await us at every turn. Operation T will help us fill in a gap in our overall chronology, but we will have to search elsewhere next year for our elusive Assyrian private houses.